Studi Kasus: Status Pernafasan Pada Pasien Myasthenia Gravis di Ruang Azalea RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32584/jpi.v4i1.458Keywords:
Gagal nafas, MG, Myasthenia Gravis, Status Pernafasan.Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) merupakan penyakit autoimun kronis yang dimediasi oleh antibodi terhadap acetylcholin receptor (AChR)  pada membran postsynaptic dari tautan otot saraf. Hilangnya situs AchR mengakibatkan kelemahan pada otot rangka yang berhubungan dengan pernafasan serta pergerakan ekstrimitas. Sebanyak 15 % – 20 % pasien dengan MG setidaknya mengalami satu kali myasthenic crisis. Myasthenic crisis  merupakan keadaan darurat medis yang terjadi akibat kelemahan otot-otot pernafasan sehingga pasien mengalami penurunan status pernafasan. Tujuan : untuk mengetahui gambaran karakteristik dan menganalisis status pernafasan pasien MG. Metode : penelitian dekriptif dengan pendekatan observasi studi kasus. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan  consecutive sampling. Pengumpulan data dan pengkajian menggunakan form pengkajian asuhan keperawatan RSHS dan lembar observasi status pernafasan nursing intervention clasification. Hasil : karakteristik  pasien dalam studi ini adalah pasien MG dengan riwayat gagal nafas,  jenis kelamin perempuan, dengan klasifikasi klinis MG IIb dan IIIb. Hasil Kedua pasien mengalami keluhan kesulitan bernafass namun saat diobservasi pasien kedua mengalami dua kali gagal nafas karena melakukan aktivitas seperti berbicara lama, mengedan, dan tertawa berlebih yang mengakibatkan kelemahan pada otot-otot pernafasan sehingga terjadi peningkatan frekuensi pernafasan dan penurunan saturasi oksigen. Simpulan : edukasi yang tepat mengenai aktivitas serta observasi status pernafasan secara berkala dibutuhkan pasien MG agar dapat mengontrol dan mencegah terjadinya gagal nafas yang dapat menyebabkan kematian. Case Study: Respiratory Status of Patients Myasthenia Gravis at Azalea Room Hasan Sadikin Bandung Hospital. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune disease that is mediated by antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) in the post-synapses membrane of the neural muscle tissues.  Loss of the AchR site results in weakness in skeletal muscle associated with breathing and limb movements. A total of 15%-20% of patients with MG have suffered a one-time crisis. The Myasthenic crisis is a medical emergency that occurs due to the weakness of the respiratory muscles so that the patient experiences decrease in respiratory status. Objective: to determine the characteristics and analyze the respiratory status of MG patients. Method: Descriptive research with an observation approach to case studies. The sampling technique uses consecutive sampling. Data collection and assessment used the RSHS nursing care assessment form and an observation sheet about the classification status of nursing interventions. Results: The characteristics of the patients in this study were MG patients with a history of respiratory failure, female sex, with clinical classification of MG IIb and IIIb. Both patients had a history of respiratory failure but when observed the second patient experienced two symptoms of respiratory failure due to activities such as prolonged talking, straining, and excessive laughter which resulted in weakness in the respiratory muscles which resulted in an increase in respiratory frequency and decreased oxygen saturation.  Conclusion: proper education about the activity and observation of respiratory status regularly is needed by MG patients to be able to control and prevent respiratory failure which can cause death.References
Barber, C. (2017). Diagnosis and management of myasthenia gravis. Nursing Standart, 31(43), 42–47.
Bedlack, R. S., & Sanders, D. B. (2000). How to handle myasthenic crisis: essential steps in patient care. Postgraduate medicine, 107(4), 211-222.
Bershad, E., Feen, E., & Suarez, J. (2008). Myasthenia gravis crisis. Southern medical journal, 101(1), 63
Bulechek, M.G., Butcher, H.K., Dochterman, J.M., & Wagner, C.M. (2013). Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), 6th Indonesian edition. Indonesia: Mocomedia
Corwin, E. J. (2009). Buku saku patofisiologi. Jakarta: EGC, 251-252.
Dahal, S., Bhandari, N., Dhakal, P., Karmacharya, R. M., Singh, A. K., Tuladhar, S. M., & Devbhandari, M. (2019). A case of thymoma in myasthenia gravis : Successful outcome after thymectomy. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports, 65, 229–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijscr.2019.10.069
Hickey, J. (2013). Clinical practice of neurological & neurosurgical nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Jacob, S., Viegas, S., & Hilton-Jones, D. (2007). Assessment and management of myasthenic crisis: an evidenced-based approach. British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 3(5), 198-204
Joensen, P. (2014). Myasthenia gravis incidence in a general North Atlantic isolated population. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 130(4), 222–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.12270
Kalita, J., Kohat, A. K., & Misra, U. K. (2014). Predictors of outcome of myasthenic crisis . Neurol Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-014-1659-y
Kamarudin, S., & Chairani, L. (2019). Tinjauan Pustaka: Miastenia Gravis. Syifa'MEDIKA: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, 10(1), 62-70.
Kołtuniuk, A., Rozensztrauch, A., Beniak, M., & Rosińczuk, J. (2017). Nursing Care of Patients with Myasthenia Gravis — Case Report. The Journal of Neurological and Neurosurgical Nursing, 6(2), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.15225/PNN.2017.6.2.6
McCance, Kathryn L., Huether, Sue E. (2019). Buku Ajar Patofisiologi. 6th ed Volume 1 by Djoko WahonoSoeatmadji, Retty Ratnawati, Hidayat Sujuti. SIngapore : Elsevier Mosby. : ISBN Vol 2 978-981-4570-86-2
McGrogan, A., Sneddon, S., & Vries, C. de. (2010). The Incidence of Myasthenia Gravis : Neuroepidemiology, 34, 171–183.https://doi.org/10.1159/000279334
Meyer, A., & Levy, Y. (2010). Geoepidemiology of myasthenia gravis. Autoimmunity reviews, 9(5), A383-A386.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2019). Myastenia Gravis Fact Sheet. Retrieved from : https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/patient-caregiver-education/fact-sheets/Myastenia-gravis-fact-sheet. Diakses tanggal 1 Desember 2019.
Ööpik, M., Kaasik, A. E., & Jakobsen, J. (2003). A population based epidemiological study on myasthenia gravis in Estonia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 74(12), 1638–1643. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.74.12.1638
Osserman, K. E., & Genkins, G. (1963). Studies in myasthenia gravis: reduction in mortality rate after crisis. jama, 183(2), 97-101
Padang, M. D., Muhammad, F., Syafrita, Y., & Susanti, L. (n.d.). Artikel Penelitian Gambaran Kualitas Hidup Pasien Miastenia Gravis Di RSUP. 8(1), 43–49.
Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Saraf Indonesia.(2009). Modul & Acuan gangguan Saraf Tepi, saraf Otono, Paut Saraf Otot. Kolegium Neurologi Indonesia
Putri, T. A. R. K. (2017). Status Emosional Dan Kualitas Hidup Pada Pasien Miastenia Gravis. Jurnal Keperawatan Komprehensif, 3(2), 111-120.
Ropper AH, Klein JP, Samuels MA. (2014). Adams and victor's-principle of neurology. Edisi ke-10. Boston: Mc Graw Hill Education
Sykalo, C., Adio, B., & Birchem, S. (2019). Myasthenia gravis crisis : A case report. Edorium Journals, 8, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5348/100068Z06CS2019CR
Yu, Y. L., Hawkins, B. R., Ip, M. S. M., Wong, V., & Woo, E. (1992). Myasthenia gravis in Hong Kong Chinese: Epidemiology and adult disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 86(2), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1992.tb05050.x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.